Lead selenide quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanomaterials renowned for their exceptional optical attributes. The synthesis of these QDs typically involves a solution-phase methodology employing precursor materials such as leadII salts and selenium precursors. Various synthetic strategies, including hot injection and hydrothermal production,

Sputtering is a vital technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, in particular, has emerged as a leading method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with precise thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, liberating atoms that then depo